And thanks to plenty of television ads for pharmaceuticals, most people are familiar with (or have at least heard of) a migraine. But a migraine is technically different and so much more than just a bad headache—migraines are the result of a neurological disorder. Sure, that’s an interesting fact—but how’s that going to help you in the moment of intense head pain and discomfort? Two neurologists explain the difference between a migraine vs. headache, common causes and symptoms, and when it’s time to see a doctor. Let’s start with headaches—an unfortunately common ailment. Simply put, a headache is an “unpleasant sensation” in any part of the head or upper neck, according to Vernon Williams, MD, a board-certified neurologist and director of the Center for Sports Neurology and Pain Medicine at Cedars-Sinai Kerlan-Jobe Institute in Los Angeles. There are many different types of headaches, including those caused by tension, a sinus infection, and other illnesses. “It may appear as a dull ache, a throbbing feeling, or a sharp pain, and intensities of the pain vary with whatever is causing it,” Dr. Williams says. “Though most people associate a headache with pain in the brain, the actual pain felt is stemming from the tissues that surround the brain. A headache can be brief, lasting less than an hour, or it can linger for several days.” “Migraine” is another kind of headache—or really, a complex condition where painful headaches are just one of the many possible symptoms. “Migraines are a common disabling primary headache disorder that is present in up to 12 percent of the general population: 17 percent of all women and 6 percent of all men,” says Andrea Manhart, DO, a neurologist at UCHealth. Another factor to help determine if something is a migraine vs. headache, is whether there are other symptoms beyond what you’d normally associate with a “regular” headache. According to Dr. Williams, it’s typical for a combination of the following symptoms to present if what you’re experiencing is actually a migraine:
Pounding or throbbing pain that is moderate-to-severe and feels as if it is engulfing the entire head or shifting from one side of the head to the other. Heightened sensitivity to sounds, odors, and/or light. Vision troubles, including blurriness, bright or flashing dots, wavy or jagged lines. Abdominal problems, including loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, and/or an unsettled stomach.
Both Dr. Williams and Manhart stress that migraines can be extremely disruptive to your typical everyday activities, and seriously impact your quality of life.
Drinking alcohol (particularly red wine) and caffeine Eating certain foods or ingredients Changes in sleep or lack of sleep Poor posture Skipped meals Stress Exposure to allergens Secondhand smoke Strong odors from household chemicals or perfumes
And believe it or not, even your high, tight ponytail could also be the culprit. As far as migraines go, there are still a lot of unanswered questions. “It is common to have a family history of migraines, as they can be inherited,” Manhart explains, but also notes that the specific cause of the disorder remains unknown. For now, the most widely accepted theory is that migraines happen when the trigeminovascular system (which involves nerves and blood vessels) is activated. And while every person is different, there are specific conditions that can trigger migraines for someone living with the condition. Many of these conditions overlap with other lifestyle and environmental factors that can lead to non-migraine headaches: your menstrual cycle, chocolate, cheese, red wine, stress, lack of sleep, missing meals, and barometric pressure changes, Dr. Manhart says. Additionally, Dr. Williams says that it’s also worth noting that approximately three out of four people who have migraines are women. “More women suffer from migraines and headaches due to hormonal causes related to menstrual cycles, pregnancy, or birth control pills,” he explains. “Estrogen, a female hormone, also controls chemicals in the brain that affect sensations of pain. When this hormone level fluctuates, due to stress or hormonal cycles, it may trigger a painful headache or migraine.”
Drinking plenty of water to stay hydrated Avoiding skipping meals Aim to get about the same number of hours of sleep every night (ideally, between seven and nine) Don’t go overboard on caffeine or alcohol (these dehydrate you) Take regular breaks from screen time Engage in moderate physical activity daily Practice coping mechanisms when stress levels get high
In addition to making the lifestyle changes above, Manhart says that people with migraines can also actively avoid their triggers, as well as limit their use of over-the-counter nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) like Tylenol and Excedrin to once or twice each week at the onset of a migraine. “Taken more than a few times per week, [NSAIDs] can cause a rebound daily headache called an ‘analgesic overuse headache,’” she explains. There are also oral medications and injections that help prevent and stop migraines, though these must be prescribed by a physician. RELATED: 5 Mindfulness Breathing Exercises You Can Do Anywhere, Anytime Much of the time it comes down to knowing and understanding your body. “The best way to prevent headaches and migraines is to learn the triggers for your attacks and to do your best to avoid them,” Dr. Williams says. “Headaches and migraines can be debilitating at times, but knowing how to differentiate between the two and understanding the causes may make it easier to find relief.”
